安科瑞 耿敏花
1 污(wu)水處(chu)理廠能耗特(te)征(zheng)研究(jiu)
1.1 污水處理廠基本信息(xi)
為研究我(wo)國典(dian)型城鎮污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處理(li)廠的能耗水(shui)平及主要電耗分布(bu)情況,筆者(zhe)對我(wo)國不同地(di)區(qu)的具有(you)代表(biao)性的污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處理(li)廠開展實地(di)調研。其間(jian)挑選7座連續穩(wen)定運行兩年以(yi)上(運行不間(jian)斷)、負荷率不低于80%的污(wu)(wu)水(shui)廠,并(bing)進行分區(qu)用(yong)電量監測,污(wu)(wu)水(shui)廠基(ji)本情況如表(biao)1所示。
2.2 污水廠(chang)處理(li)單元能耗特征(zheng)分析
所(suo)選(xuan)7座污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)(chang)均執行(xing)《城鎮污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)污(wu)染物排放標(biao)準》(GB 18918—2002)一級(ji)(ji)A出水(shui)(shui)(shui)標(biao)準,根據(ju)工藝流程,可(ke)以劃分為(wei)(wei)一級(ji)(ji)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)、二級(ji)(ji)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)、深度處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)、污(wu)泥處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)、再生水(shui)(shui)(shui)5個功能分區,分別(bie)安裝 電(dian)(dian)量統計裝置,進行(xing)為(wei)(wei)期1年(nian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)記錄。污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)(chang)噸(dun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)和(he)各功能分區電(dian)(dian)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)占比如(ru)圖(tu)2所(suo)示。由圖(tu)可(ke)知,所(suo)選(xuan)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)(chang)2017年(nian)的(de)噸(dun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)平均值保持在 0.2~0.45 kW·h/m3 。從五(wu)座處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)工藝為(wei)(wei) A2O 的(de)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)(chang)數據(ju)來看(kan),噸(dun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)與處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)規模相關性明顯,處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)規模5萬(wan)m3/d 的(de) E 廠(chang)(chang)噸(dun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)為(wei)(wei) 0.43 kW·h/m3,大于10萬(wan) m3/d 的(de)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)(chang)噸(dun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)低(di)于 0.3 kW·h/m3 ,處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)規模越(yue)大,電(dian)(dian)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)相對越(yue)低(di)。各污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)(chang)二級(ji)(ji)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)段的(de)能耗(hao)(hao)(hao)較大,占總(zong)電(dian)(dian)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de) 50%~65%,其次為(wei)(wei)一級(ji)(ji)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)和(he)深度處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)段,平均占比分別(bie)為(wei)(wei)19% 和(he)16%,部分廠(chang)(chang)再生水(shui)(shui)(shui)用電(dian)(dian)占比超過5%
圖(tu) 2 污(wu)水(shui)廠電(dian)耗及分布情況
本(ben)次(ci)選擇(ze)具有代表(biao)性(xing)的(de)A廠(chang)(chang)全(quan)流程(cheng)主(zhu)(zhu)要設(she)備的(de)用(yong)電(dian)情況進行為期1年的(de)計(ji)量(liang)統計(ji),系統分析各設(she)備的(de)耗(hao)電(dian)量(liang)。一級(ji)處(chu)理(li)(li)段主(zhu)(zhu)要耗(hao)電(dian)設(she)備為進水(shui)提升(sheng)泵(beng)(beng)(beng),二(er)(er)級(ji)處(chu)理(li)(li)主(zhu)(zhu)要為風(feng)機、推進器和(he)回流泵(beng)(beng)(beng),深度處(chu)理(li)(li)段為二(er)(er)次(ci)提升(sheng)泵(beng)(beng)(beng),污(wu)(wu)泥處(chu)理(li)(li)段為污(wu)(wu)泥脫(tuo)水(shui)機,再生(sheng)水(shui)段為提升(sheng)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)。對A廠(chang)(chang)各單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)設(she)備電(dian)耗(hao)的(de)統計(ji)結果表(biao)明,二(er)(er)級(ji)處(chu)理(li)(li)單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)提升(sheng)能耗(hao)較(jiao)大,占(zhan)整個污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)總(zong)能能耗(hao)80%左(zuo)右(you)。一級(ji)處(chu)理(li)(li)電(dian)耗(hao)比(bi)例達到20%,其中進水(shui)提升(sheng)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)電(dian)耗(hao)占(zhan)該單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)耗(hao)的(de)85%;二(er)(er)級(ji)處(chu)理(li)(li)單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)能耗(hao)主(zhu)(zhu)要集(ji)中在鼓(gu)風(feng)機、攪(jiao)拌(ban)器和(he)內外(wai)回流泵(beng)(beng)(beng)上,其中,鼓(gu)風(feng)機占(zhan)該單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)耗(hao)的(de) 59%,占(zhan)全(quan)廠(chang)(chang)工藝(yi)總(zong)電(dian)耗(hao)的(de)43%。全(quan)廠(chang)(chang)較(jiao)大的(de)能耗(hao)處(chu)理(li)(li)單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為生(sheng)物處(chu)理(li)(li)段、進水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)房(fang)、二(er)(er)次(ci)提升(sheng)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)房(fang),節能降(jiang)耗(hao)的(de)重點設(she)備為風(feng)機和(he)提升(sheng)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)。
2.節能降(jiang)耗途徑分析
2.1設(she)備(bei)選(xuan)型及(ji)優化
設(she)計時為(wei)保證較大流量需求(qiu),我國大多數城(cheng)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)廠(尤(you)其是建設(she)年代(dai)較早的(de)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)廠)普遍存在設(she)備(bei)(bei)選(xuan)型(xing)(xing)過(guo)大、配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)單一、恒速運行等(deng)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)不合理(li)(li)(li)問題。因(yin)此,提高設(she)備(bei)(bei)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)水(shui)平,合理(li)(li)(li)進行設(she)備(bei)(bei)選(xuan)型(xing)(xing)是污(wu)(wu)水(shui)廠降耗(hao)的(de)關鍵所(suo)在。
2.2 錯峰用電(dian)
為緩解我國城市(shi)用電(dian)(dian)高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)時(shi)段(duan)(duan)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)過高(gao)(gao)、電(dian)(dian)網(wang)峰(feng)谷時(shi)段(duan)(duan)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)差較大(da)等電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應緊張的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況,國家出臺了相關政策(ce),各(ge)省市(shi)根據不(bu)同時(shi)間(jian)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)用電(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)情(qing)況制定(ding)了不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)價,如(ru)峰(feng)、平(ping)、谷三檔電(dian)(dian)價和(he)尖、峰(feng)、平(ping)、谷四(si)檔電(dian)(dian)價,收費標準依次降低(di)(di)。在(zai)對(dui)城鎮(zhen)污水處理廠(chang)進(jin)行(xing)調研(yan)時(shi)發現,部分(fen)污水廠(chang)在(zai)保(bao)證出水穩(wen)定(ding)達標的(de)(de)(de)前提下,通(tong)過合理控制,在(zai)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)較低(di)(di)時(shi)加大(da)運(yun)行(xing)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he),用電(dian)(dian)高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)期(qi)減少設備運(yun)行(xing)數量或(huo)調低(di)(di)設備運(yun)行(xing)頻率,將電(dian)(dian)網(wang)用電(dian)(dian)高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)時(shi)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)轉移到用電(dian)(dian)低(di)(di)谷時(shi)段(duan)(duan),減少電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)峰(feng)谷負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)差。這樣可以(yi)降低(di)(di)污水廠(chang)運(yun)行(xing)費用,同時(shi)實現社會資源的(de)(de)(de)優化配置。下面(mian)以(yi) X 污水廠(chang)為例進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)析,其峰(feng)平(ping)谷用電(dian)(dian)量及分(fen)布情(qing)況如(ru)圖(tu) 3 所示。
圖3 某(mou)X廠峰平谷用(yong)電(dian)情況(kuang)
X 廠設計規模為(wei)(wei)(wei) 20 萬(wan)(wan) m3 /d,水(shui)(shui)量變化系數設計值為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.3,運行(xing)負(fu)荷為(wei)(wei)(wei) 80%,處(chu)理(li)(li)工(gong)藝為(wei)(wei)(wei)氧化溝工(gong)藝,出(chu)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質執行(xing)《城鎮污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)廠污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)排放標(biao)準(zhun)》 (GB 18918—2002)一級 A 排放標(biao)準(zhun),平(ping)均(jun)(jun)噸水(shui)(shui)電耗(hao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.24 kW·h/m3。X 廠所在(zai)城市峰(feng)(feng)平(ping)谷(gu)三個時段分別為(wei)(wei)(wei)8 h,從圖 3 可以看出(chu),峰(feng)(feng)期用(yong)電量較為(wei)(wei)(wei)穩定,月均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)40 萬(wan)(wan) kW·h左(zuo)右(you),占(zhan)總用(yong)電量的(de) 25.7%,比(bi)重較少;平(ping)期用(yong)電量均(jun)(jun)衡,占(zhan)總電量的(de)30.6%;而主(zhu)要電耗(hao)集中在(zai)谷(gu)期,占(zhan)總電量的(de) 43.7%。根據該廠所在(zai)城市的(de)電費(fei)收費(fei)標(biao)準(zhun),大工(gong)業(ye)用(yong)電電費(fei)峰(feng)(feng)值為(wei)(wei)(wei) 1.0167 元(yuan)(yuan) /(kW·h)(6-8 月為(wei)(wei)(wei) 1.0788 元(yuan)(yuan) /(kW·h)),平(ping)值為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.675 元(yuan)(yuan) /(kW·h),谷(gu)值為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.4203 元(yuan)(yuan) /(kW·h), X 廠通過錯(cuo)峰(feng)(feng)用(yong)電,每年可節省(sheng)電費(fei)約100 萬(wan)(wan)。
3 安科瑞電氣針對水廠用電推出能(neng)效管(guan)理解決(jue)方案--AcrelEMS-SW智慧水務能(neng)效管(guan)理平臺
3.1平臺(tai)概述
安科(ke)瑞電(dian)氣具備(bei)從終端感(gan)知、邊(bian)緣計算到能效(xiao)管(guan)(guan)理(li)平(ping)臺的產品生態(tai)體系(xi),AcrelEMS-SW智(zhi)慧水(shui)務能效(xiao)管(guan)(guan)理(li)平(ping)臺通過在污水(shui)廠(chang)源、網、荷、儲(chu)、充的各個關(guan)鍵節點安裝(zhuang)保(bao)護(hu)、監(jian)(jian)測、分析、治(zhi)理(li)裝(zhuang)置,用于(yu)監(jian)(jian)測污水(shui)廠(chang)能耗總量和能耗強度(du),重點監(jian)(jian)測主要用能設備(bei)能效(xiao),保(bao)護(hu)污水(shui)廠(chang)運行安全(quan)可靠,提高(gao)污水(shui)廠(chang)能效(xiao),為污水(shui)處理(li)的能效(xiao)管(guan)(guan)理(li)提供科(ke)學(xue)、精細的解(jie)決方案(an)。
圖(tu)1 AcrelEMS-SW智(zhi)慧水(shui)務能(neng)效管理平臺(tai)
3.2 平臺組成
AcrelEMS智慧水(shui)務(wu)綜合能效(xiao)管理(li)系統(tong)由(you)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站綜合自動化系統(tong)、電(dian)(dian)力監控及能效(xiao)管理(li)系統(tong)組成(cheng),涵蓋了(le)(le)水(shui)務(wu)中壓變(bian)配電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)、電(dian)(dian)氣安全、應急(ji)電(dian)(dian)源、能源管理(li)、照明(ming)控制、設(she)備運維(wei)等(deng),貫穿水(shui)務(wu)能源流的始終,幫助運維(wei)管理(li)人員通過一套平臺、一個APP實時了(le)(le)解水(shui)務(wu)配電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)運行狀況,并且根據(ju)權限可以適(shi)用(yong)于水(shui)務(wu)后勤部門管理(li)需要。
3.3 平臺拓(tuo)撲圖
3.3.1監控管(guan)理層
監控管(guan)理(li)層設置在(zai)綜合能源(yuan)管(guan)理(li)中心,配置能源(yuan)管(guan)理(li)數(shu)據(ju)服務(wu)器和監控主(zhu)機,通過(guo)水務(wu)綜合能效管(guan)理(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong),完成對廠區配電系(xi)統(tong)(tong)、主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)能設備如電機、風(feng)機的遠程數(shu)據(ju)采集和實時監控,并對數(shu)據(ju)進行統(tong)(tong)計分析,以曲線、棒圖、餅圖、散列(lie)等方式呈現給用(yong)戶,方便值(zhi)班人(ren)員時刻掌(zhang)握(wo)各工(gong)段(duan)的運行參(can)數(shu)和狀態,全廠需量、電能及其他重要(yao)統(tong)(tong)計數(shu)據(ju),同時預留數(shu)據(ju)上(shang)傳上(shang)一級(ji)水務(wu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的通訊接口(kou)。
3.3.2網絡通信層(ceng)
網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訊(xun)層從能(neng)源(yuan)中(zhong)心到用戶變電所、水(shui)泵站(zhan)、工藝車間敷(fu)設光(guang)纜,配置(zhi)網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)交換(huan)機(ji)和光(guang)電轉換(huan)機(ji),構建星型(xing)以太雙網(wang)(wang),提高網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)傳輸的可靠性通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)方式,實(shi)現能(neng)源(yuan)管理的主(zhu)干通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)功能(neng)。在每(mei)個站(zhan)配置(zhi)數據(ju)采(cai)(cai)集箱和通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訊(xun)管理機(ji),采(cai)(cai)集能(neng)源(yuan)中(zhong)心,污(wu)水(shui)泵站(zhan)、曝氣生物處理、污(wu)泥泵站(zhan)的用電數據(ju)、開關狀(zhuang)態,采(cai)(cai)集各PLC控制盤監控的水(shui)泵、風(feng)機(ji)等設備運行參數和狀(zhuang)態,如風(feng)機(ji)水(shui)泵的啟(qi)停、運行時間以及(ji)(ji)水(shui)泵壓力(li)、流(liu)量、風(feng)機(ji)氣壓以及(ji)(ji)曝氣系統的工作狀(zhuang)態以及(ji)(ji)水(shui)池水(shui)位(wei)等。
3.3.3現場設備層
現場設備(bei)層,由分散安裝在用戶(hu)站、污水泵站、曝(pu)氣生(sheng)物(wu)處理(li)、污泥泵站內的(de)繼電(dian)保護、多功能電(dian)表(biao)、電(dian)動機保護器(qi)、溫度傳感器(qi)、火災(zai)探(tan)測器(qi)、水池水位計、壓力表(biao)、流(liu)量計、以及各PLC控制柜等組成(cheng)(cheng),完成(cheng)(cheng)配電(dian)回路的(de)電(dian)參數(shu)監(jian)測、電(dian)機保護,水池水位、水泵流(liu)量、風機風量監(jian)測,實現水泵、風機的(de)自動/手動運行控制。
3.4 平臺功(gong)能
本平臺(tai)包含(han)了電(dian)(dian)力監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)子(zi)(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong),能耗分析子(zi)(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong),智能照明子(zi)(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong),電(dian)(dian)能質量監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)和(he)提升子(zi)(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong),電(dian)(dian)氣火(huo)災監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)子(zi)(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong),消防電(dian)(dian)源監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)子(zi)(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong),防火(huo)門監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)子(zi)(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong),消防應急照明和(he)疏散指示子(zi)(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong) ,工藝(yi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong),視頻監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)等(deng)子(zi)(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong),下面(mian)介紹安(an)科瑞能耗管(guan)理系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)以及(ji)硬(ying)件選型。
圖2 AcrelEMS-SW智慧水務能(neng)效管理平臺主接(jie)線圖
3.4.1 能耗分析子系統
AcrelEMS-SW智慧(hui)水務能(neng)(neng)效管理平臺通(tong)過(guo)搭建計量(liang)體(ti)(ti)系(xi),采集污水處理廠能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)數據,顯示污水處理廠的能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)流向(xiang)和(he)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)損耗(hao)(hao),通(tong)過(guo)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)流向(xiang)圖幫助其分析(xi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消耗(hao)(hao)去(qu)向(xiang),找出能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消耗(hao)(hao)異常區(qu)域幫助其了(le)解(jie)各工藝環節能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消耗(hao)(hao)量(liang),并且可細化到樓層、車(che)間(jian)、產線、班組、工序,計算產品單耗(hao)(hao)、單位(wei)面積能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)或萬(wan)元產值能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao),從而計算出能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)總量(liang)和(he)單位(wei)能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)。
3.4.2能耗數據統計
采集工(gong)廠(chang)工(gong)藝用電、廠(chang)務用電等消耗量(liang),同環比對比分(fen)析(xi),能(neng)耗總量(liang)和(he)能(neng)耗強度計(ji)算,標煤計(ji)算和(he)CO2排放統計(ji)趨勢。
3.4.3提升主要用能設備能效
污(wu)水(shui)處理廠中(zhong)有著大(da)量的(de)電機、水(shui)泵,其中(zhong)污(wu)水(shui)提(ti)升泵和鼓風曝氣能耗(hao)占據了工藝能耗(hao)中(zhong)的(de)大(da)多數,平臺針(zhen)對(dui)這(zhe)些工藝設備(bei)進行(xing)監測分析,工藝之間(jian)(jian)橫向比較(jiao)(jiao),尋找(zhao)具有調控潛力的(de)用電設備(bei)、工藝單(dan)元(yuan),幫(bang)助用戶(hu)發現其能效(xiao)提(ti)升空(kong)間(jian)(jian)并(bing)提(ti)供(gong)解決方案,找(zhao)到較(jiao)(jiao)好的(de)運行(xing)區域(yu),顯著降源消(xiao)耗(hao)
3.4.4優化(hua)能(neng)源結(jie)構(gou)
AcrelEMS-SW智慧水務能效管(guan)理平臺支持(chi)接入分(fen)布式光伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)以及風(feng)力發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan),為企業提(ti)供分(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)運行監(jian)測和發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)日/月/年/累(lei)計收益和減排分(fen)析,支持(chi)自發自用、余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上網。在儲能環(huan)節,平臺接入BMS和PCS數(shu)據,支持(chi)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)配置策略,并對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池管(guan)理系統提(ti)供實時(shi)預警,根(gen)據其(qi)負荷(he)特點,削峰填谷,充(chong)分(fen)使用新能源,降(jiang)低污水廠(chang)碳排放。
3.4.5典型硬件
4 小結
地下(xia)污水(shui)(shui)廠的建設,本(ben)著安全可(ke)靠、經濟合理(li) 、運(yun)行管(guan)(guan)理(li)的原(yuan)則,通(tong)過合理(li)運(yun)用能(neng)源管(guan)(guan)理(li)平臺,利用先(xian)進的大(da)數據、云計算(suan)等互(hu)聯網技(ji)術,能(neng)夠提高污水(shui)(shui)廠的供電可(ke)靠性(xing),找到(dao)節能(neng)降耗(hao)(hao)的實際(ji)方案,深入能(neng)耗(hao)(hao)分(fen)析(xi),發掘節能(neng)潛力,為管(guan)(guan)理(li)者(zhe)提供準(zhun)確化的管(guan)(guan)理(li)手段,提高污水(shui)(shui)處理(li)廠的能(neng)耗(hao)(hao)管(guan)(guan)理(li)水(shui)(shui)平。