安科瑞 繆凱倫

摘要：漏電保護(hu) 對保證船舶安全具有重要作用，船舶由于結構復雜，漏電保護系統具有其特殊性，本文將探討船舶漏電保護器的選用及應用，對防止觸電，避免因漏電而引起的火災事故，具有重要作用。

關鍵(jian)詞(ci)：船舶；應用；漏(lou)電(dian)保護(hu)器

0：概述

船(chuan)舶電氣(qi)系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)接(jie)(jie)地(di)故(gu)障(zhang)（接(jie)(jie)地(di)短(duan)路(lu)）有金屬性(xing)和電弧(hu)性(xing)兩種形式(shi)。故(gu)障(zhang)點(dian)熔(rong)焊，故(gu)障(zhang)點(dian)的阻(zu)抗可忽(hu)略不計的接(jie)(jie)地(di)故(gu)障(zhang)為金屬性(xing)接(jie)(jie)地(di)故(gu)障(zhang)。金屬性(xing)接(jie)(jie)地(di)故(gu)障(zhang)能使設備外殼帶危險接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)電壓，其(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)后(hou)果是人身電擊(ji)。

發生(sheng)接地故障(zhang)時，故障(zhang)點(dian)不(bu)熔焊而是產生(sheng)電弧 、電火花（密集的電火花即是電弧）的接地故障為電弧性接地故障。電弧、電火花具有很大阻抗，它限制了接地故障電流，使過流保護電器不能動作或延緩許久才能動作，但故障點或連接不良的線接頭上迸發的電弧、電火花的局部高溫可達2000~3000℃，很容易引(yin)(yin)燃近旁可燃物質(zhi)，引(yin)(yin)起(qi)電氣火災。

因此(ci)，船舶(bo)安裝漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保護(hu)器對防止觸電(dian)(dian)、避(bi)免(mian)因漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)而(er)引起的(de)火災(zai)事(shi)故，具有重要作用。

1：漏電(dian)保護器原理

漏電保護(hu)器主要包括(kuo)檢(jian)測元(yuan)件、中間環節、執行元(yuan)件以及實驗元(yuan)件等(deng)部分(fen)。

檢測元件(jian)為(wei)一個剩余電(dian)流互感器。被保護(hu)的相線(xian)、中性(xing)線(xian)穿過環(huan)形(xing)鐵芯，構成了互感器的一次線(xian)圈(quan)N1,纏繞在(zai)環形鐵(tie)芯上的(de)繞組構成了互感器的(de)二(er)次線(xian)圈N2,如(ru)果沒有漏電產生，這是流過相線、中性線的(de)電流矢量和為零，因此在N2上也不(bu)(bu)能(neng)產生相應(ying)的(de)感應(ying)電(dian)動勢(shi)。如果(guo)發生了漏電(dian)，相線、中性線的(de)電(dian)流(liu)矢量和不(bu)(bu)等于零，就使N2上產生感應(ying)電動(dong)勢(shi)，這個信號就會被送(song)到中間環節進行進一步的處理。

中間(jian)環節通常包括放大器(qi)、比較器(qi)、脫扣器(qi)等，其(qi)作用就是來自零序互感器(qi)的漏電信號進行(xing)放大和處理，并輸出到執行(xing)機構。

執行機構用于接(jie)收(shou)中間環(huan)節的指令信號，實(shi)(shi)施(shi)動(dong)作，自動(dong)切斷故障處的電(dian)源，從而實(shi)(shi)現保(bao)護。由于漏電(dian)保(bao)護器是一個(ge)保(bao)護裝置(zhi)，因此應定期檢查(cha)其是否完好(hao)、可靠。實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)裝置(zhi)就是通過實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)按鈕和(he)限(xian)流電(dian)阻的串聯(lian)，模擬漏電(dian)路徑，以檢查(cha)裝置(zhi)是否正常工(gong)作。

漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)一般可分(fen)為(wei)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)、漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)開關(guan)和(he)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)插座(zuo)三種(zhong)。漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)指具有對(dui)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)檢測(ce)和(he)判(pan)斷(duan)(duan)的功(gong)能，而不具有切(qie)斷(duan)(duan)和(he)接通主(zhu)回路功(gong)能的漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)裝置。漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)開關(guan)是(shi)(shi)指不僅(jin)其與其他斷(duan)(duan)路器(qi)(qi)一樣可將(jiang)主(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路接通或(huo)斷(duan)(duan)開，而且具有對(dui)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)檢測(ce)和(he)判(pan)斷(duan)(duan)的功(gong)能，當主(zhu)回路中發生漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)絕緣破壞時，漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)開關(guan)可根據(ju)判(pan)斷(duan)(duan)結果(guo)將(jiang)主(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路接通或(huo)斷(duan)(duan)開。漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)插座(zuo)是(shi)(shi)指具有對(dui)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)檢測(ce)和(he)判(pan)斷(duan)(duan)并(bing)能切(qie)斷(duan)(duan)回路的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源插座(zuo)。其額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)一般為(wei)20A以下，漏電動作電流6~30mA，靈(ling)敏度(du)較(jiao)高。

2：船舶漏電保護器的選用

依據國(guo)家、行業及船舶(bo)標準和規(gui)范，我(wo)們在(zai)選(xuan)用漏電保護器時應遵循以(yi)下主要原(yuan)則：1）漏電保護器應選用檢驗合格產品。

2）應根據保(bao)護范圍(wei)、人身(shen)設(she)備安全和環境要(yao)求確定漏(lou)電(dian)保(bao)護器的電(dian)源電(dian)壓、工作電(dian)流(liu)、漏(lou)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)及動(dong)作時間等參數。

3）電(dian)(dian)源采用漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)做分級(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)時，應滿足上、下(xia)級(ji)(ji)開關(guan)動作(zuo)的選擇性(xing)。一(yi)般上一(yi)級(ji)(ji)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)的額定(ding)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流不小(xiao)于下(xia)一(yi)級(ji)(ji)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)的額定(ding)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流，這(zhe)樣既可以靈敏(min)地保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)人身和設備安全，又(you)能避(bi)免越級(ji)(ji)跳閘，縮(suo)小(xiao)事故檢查范(fan)圍。

4）手持(chi)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動工具、移動式(shi)機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備以(yi)及觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)危險(xian)性較大的用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備，安裝(zhuang)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保護(hu)器。

5）臨時(shi)線路(lu)的用電設備，結(jie)構物中插(cha)座回路(lu)，潮濕、高溫(wen)、金屬占有(you)系數(shu)較大和其他(ta)導電良好的場所，應安裝(zhuang)漏電保護器。

6）固定線路(lu)的用(yong)(yong)電設備和(he)正(zheng)常作業(ye)場所，應(ying)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)帶漏電保護器(qi)的動(dong)力(li)配(pei)電箱。臨時使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的小型電器(qi)設備，應(ying)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)漏電保護插頭（座(zuo)(zuo)）或帶漏電保護器(qi)的插座(zuo)(zuo)箱。

7）漏(lou)電保護(hu)(hu)器作為直(zhi)接(jie)接(jie)觸防護(hu)(hu)的補充(chong)防護(hu)(hu)時，應選(xuan)用高靈敏度(du)、快速動作型漏(lou)電保護(hu)(hu)器。一般環(huan)境選(xuan)擇動作電流不超過30mA，動作(zuo)時間不超(chao)過(guo)0.1s，這兩個參數保證了人(ren)體(ti)如(ru)果觸電時(shi)，不會使觸電者產生病(bing)理(li)性(xing)勝利危險效應。

8）對于不(bu)允許(xu)斷電(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)備，如通(tong)道照明、應急照明、消(xiao)防(fang)設(she)備的電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)、用于防(fang)盜報警(jing)的電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)等，應選用報警(jing)式漏電(dian)(dian)保護(hu)器接通(tong)聲光報警(jing)信號，通(tong)知管理人(ren)員及時處理故障。

3. 產(chan)品概述(shu)

剩余電(dian)流(liu)繼電(dian)器是(shi)由剩(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)互感器(qi)來檢測(ce)剩(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，并在規定(ding)條(tiao)件下，當剩(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)達到或超過給定(ding)值(zhi)時(shi)，使電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的一(yi)個(ge)或多個(ge)電(dian)(dian)氣輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)的觸點產生開(kai)閉動作的開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)器(qi)。

下(xia)面(mian)介紹三種常見(jian)的(de)漏電情況。

1、防直接接觸電(dian)擊采(cai)用(yong)I△n≤30mA的高靈敏度的RCD。

2、防(fang)間接(jie)接(jie)觸(chu)電(dian)擊可采用(yong)I△n大于30mA的(de)中靈敏度(du)的(de)RCD。

3、防火RCD需采用4極或2極RCD。

對于IT系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，按規定(ding)采用剩(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)流繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器。為(wei)防止系(xi)(xi)統(tong)絕緣降低和作為(wei)二次故障后備(bei)保(bao)護(hu)，依據接線型(xing)式(shi)，采用類似(si) TT 或 TN 系(xi)統(tong)的保(bao)護措施(shi)。首先應采用絕緣監視(shi)裝置，預測一次故(gu)障。

對于TT系統，推薦采(cai)用(yong)剩余電(dian)流(liu)繼電(dian)器。因為當發生單相(xiang)接地故障時(shi)，故障電(dian)流(liu)很(hen)小，且較難(nan)估計，達不到開關的動作電(dian)流(liu)，外(wai)殼上將(jiang)出現危險電(dian)壓。此時(shi)N線穿(chuan)過剩余電流互(hu)感(gan)器。

對于TN-S系統，可采用剩(sheng)余電(dian)流繼電(dian)器。更快(kuai)速(su)靈敏切斷故障，以提高安(an)全可靠性(xing)，此時 PE 線不(bu)得穿過互感器，N 線穿(chuan)互感器，且不得重復接(jie)地。

對于TN-C系統(tong)，不(bu)能(neng)采用剩余電(dian)流繼電(dian)器。因為(wei) PE 線(xian)和 N 線(xian)合一，若(ruo) PEN 線(xian)不(bu)重復接地，當外殼帶(dai)電，互感(gan)器(qi)進出電流相等，ASJ拒(ju)動；若PEN線重復(fu)接地，部分單相電流(liu)將流(liu)入重復(fu)接地，達一定(ding)值后，ASJ 誤動。 需將TN-C系統改造成TN-C-S系統，同(tong)TN-S系統(tong)，再將剩余電流互感器接(jie)入(ru)TN-S系(xi)統中(zhong)。

4.產品簡介

安科瑞電氣ASJ系列剩余電(dian)流繼電(dian)器能(neng)夠(gou)滿足上述幾種漏電(dian)情況的(de)防護(hu)，與遙控跳閘開關聯用(yong)，及時切斷電(dian)源，防止(zhi)間(jian)接接觸、限制漏電(dian)電(dian)流。也可以直接作為信(xin)號(hao)繼電(dian)器，監控電(dian)力設(she)備(bei)。特別適用(yong)于學校、商廈(sha)、工(gong)廠車(che)間(jian)、集貿市場、工(gong)礦企(qi)業、消防單位、智能(neng)大廈(sha)與小區，地鐵、石油(you)化工(gong)、電(dian)信(xin)及國防等部門用(yong)電(dian)的(de)安全(quan)保護(hu)。

ASJ系列產品主要有兩(liang)種安裝方(fang)式，ASJ10系列為(wei)導(dao)軌安裝，外形和(he)功(gong)能如(ru)下表(biao)所示：

ASJ20系列為面板安裝，外形和功能如下表所示：

其中AC型和A型(xing)剩余電流繼電器的區別(bie)是：AC型剩(sheng)(sheng)余電流(liu)繼電器是對(dui)突然施(shi)加或緩慢上(shang)升的剩(sheng)(sheng)余正弦交(jiao)流(liu)電流(liu)能確保脫扣的剩(sheng)(sheng)余電流(liu)繼電器，主要監測正弦交(jiao)流(liu)信(xin)號。A型剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)是對突然施(shi)加的(de)或緩慢上升的(de)剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)正弦交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)和(he)剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)脈(mo)動直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)能(neng)確保脫扣的(de)剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，主(zhu)要監(jian)測(ce)正弦交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)信號和(he)脈(mo)沖直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)信號。

儀表具體(ti)的接線端子和典型接線如下(xia)所示：

5.結(jie)語

利用漏電(dian)保護(hu)裝置，可(ke)以(yi)在船(chuan)舶電(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)中構成(cheng)一個完整的選擇性漏電(dian)保護(hu)系統(tong)(tong)。保證(zheng)有選擇性地切(qie)除漏電(dian)故(gu)障(zhang)，加(jia)大了(le)電(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)安全(quan)性，對船(chuan)舶工作人員和船(chuan)舶安全(quan)有重(zhong)要(yao)作用。

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