安科瑞(rui) 繆凱倫

摘(zhai)要：作為(wei)國家提出的(de)綠(lv)色(se)電網(wang)、節能降耗已成為(wei)現代化企業努力的(de)目標，也是企業急需解決(jue)的(de)問題。作為(wei)地鐵車站(zhan)這類市政(zheng)公(gong)共(gong)交通建筑的(de)著重系統——配電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)。實(shi)現綠色電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)實(shi)質上(shang)是(shi)解決電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)中存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)能問題(ti)，主要是(shi)涉及(ji)到諧波(bo)與(yu)無功問題(ti)兩個方面，就某(mou)條地鐵線(xian)(xian)目(mu)前的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)狀態而言，其在(zai)低壓配電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)中裝(zhuang)設有源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)濾波(bo)器進行(xing)諧波(bo)治理，但APF實(shi)際未投入。系(xi)統(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)諧波(bo)問題(ti)仍然存在(zai)，因此需對該(gai)站點進行(xing)詳細的(de)(de)(de)測試，同時(shi)為(wei)該(gai)線(xian)(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)有源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)濾波(bo)器APF進行(xing)必要性評估，對后續新開線(xian)(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)有源(yuan)濾波(bo)器設置提出(chu)參考意見。

關(guan)鍵詞：地(di)鐵(tie)負載；電能(neng)質量；諧波治理(li)；無功補償(chang)

0、地鐵(tie)電能質量分析

目(mu)前城市(shi)軌道交通普遍存在的主要電(dian)(dian)能質量問題(ti)就(jiu)是功率因數、電(dian)(dian)壓波(bo)動與(yu)閃(shan)變及諧波(bo)問題(ti)等。當前35KV和0.4KV大量使(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)纜，夜(ye)晚期間一般所有的(de)負荷(he)基本停運，由(you)于該用(yong)電(dian)(dian)負載多數(shu)為(wei)感性(xing)(xing)(xing)負荷(he)，此時(shi)(shi)(shi)感性(xing)(xing)(xing)無(wu)(wu)功基本接近為(wei)零，產生(sheng)的(de)容性(xing)(xing)(xing)無(wu)(wu)功甚至(zhi)可以達(da)到(dao)幾Mkvar。若(ruo)無(wu)(wu)功功率倒(dao)送進電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)，會導致線路電(dian)(dian)壓升高(gao)，同時(shi)(shi)(shi)也會導致功率因數(shu)降(jiang)低。地(di)鐵中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)力機車(che)屬于典型的(de)非線性(xing)(xing)(xing)負荷(he)，由(you)于運行過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)啟停頻繁，短時(shi)(shi)(shi)間內會產生(sheng)沖擊性(xing)(xing)(xing)負載電(dian)(dian)流，此類沖擊會造成電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)波動(dong)與(yu)閃變(bian)。

1、主要研(yan)究內(nei)容(rong)

以廣東某地鐵站為例，由于該地鐵站高(gao)壓側110kV和35kV無功及諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)方(fang)面已(yi)經治(zhi)理，本篇文章(zhang)主要突(tu)出(chu)治(zhi)理0.4KV低(di)壓設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無功及諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)等相關問(wen)題。線(xian)路阻(zu)抗隨著頻率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)升高而(er)(er)增加(jia)，諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)使(shi)線(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)附加(jia)損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)增加(jia)，而(er)(er)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)大(da)(da)部分為變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)和線(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)，所以諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)是導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)網(wang)損(sun)(sun)(sun)增加(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個重(zhong)(zhong)要因(yin)素(su)。線(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分布電(dian)(dian)(dian)感和對地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)與產(chan)生(sheng)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設備(bei)組(zu)成(cheng)串聯(lian)或并聯(lian)回路，在一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參數(shu)條件下，會發生(sheng)串聯(lian)諧(xie)(xie)振(zhen)或并聯(lian)諧(xie)(xie)振(zhen)，而(er)(er)且所產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諧(xie)(xie)振(zhen)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對相關設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危害性較(jiao)大(da)(da)。(此情況一(yi)(yi)般出(chu)現在高壓環境(jing)下，在0.4KV低(di)壓環境(jing)中(zhong)由于線(xian)路和變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分布電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)過(guo)小，一(yi)(yi)般忽(hu)略不計）在適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件下還會形成(cheng)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)放(fang)大(da)(da)，而(er)(er)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)大(da)(da)會引起繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)保護裝置誤動甚(shen)至(zhi)損(sun)(sun)(sun)壞，造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力火災。同時(shi)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對線(xian)纜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肌膚效(xiao)應會造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)線(xian)纜發熱過(guo)量(liang)，絕緣強度降低(di)，造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)增加(jia)，壽(shou)命縮短(duan)，額定容(rong)量(liang)降低(di)。同時(shi)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)還會導致系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運行威(wei)脅導致不安(an)全因(yin)素(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現，嚴重(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)會影(ying)響甚(shen)至(zhi)是中(zhong)斷生(sheng)產(chan)工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進行[3]。故(gu)本公(gong)司組(zu)織針(zhen)對地(di)鐵站低壓配電室的1#和2#變壓器(qi)進行了測(ce)試。同時對(dui)地(di)鐵(tie)系統中負載主要為照明、空調、泵機(ji)類、電(dian)梯(ti)、信號電(dian)源、UPS等(deng)設(she)備進行開(kai)(kai)啟有(you)源濾波APF和不開(kai)(kai)啟有(you)源APF情況下進行測(ce)試，對(dui)測(ce)試數據進行統計分(fen)析，選出合(he)適的型號的治理(li)設(she)備，同時計算(suan)該設(she)備選擇的節能性。

2、測試(shi)數據及分析

（1）測(ce)試說明

本次測(ce)試主要針對廣東某地(di)鐵站低壓(ya)配電室(shi)的1#和(he)2#變(bian)壓器(qi)進(jin)行(xing)了(le)測試。系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)負載主(zhu)要(yao)為照明、空調、泵機類、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯、信號電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源、UPS等設備，開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)啟動瞬間(jian)形(xing)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)沖擊(ji)，和(he)其(qi)它設備在(zai)運行(xing)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)會(hui)對(dui)(dui)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)產生諧(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)污染(ran)(ran)。該系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)各變(bian)壓器(qi)的(de)(de)負荷(he)性質決定了(le)在(zai)其(qi)運行(xing)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)會(hui)產生諧(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)并(bing)匯入配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網中(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)(dui)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)造成一定的(de)(de)諧(xie)波(bo)污染(ran)(ran)問(wen)題，系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)存在(zai)的(de)(de)節能照明在(zai)運行(xing)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)產生3次(ci)諧(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，3次(ci)諧(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)為零序諧(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，三相(xiang)(xiang)矢量角(jiao)度一致(zhi)，存在(zai)N線上諧(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)疊加情況，N相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)是相(xiang)(xiang)線的(de)(de)3倍，本次(ci)測試主(zhu)要(yao)是針對(dui)(dui)這些問(wen)題進(jin)行(xing)的(de)(de)。根據(ju)工(gong)(gong)程實(shi)踐經驗，諧(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)會(hui)導致(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)運行(xing)威脅同(tong)時(shi)還會(hui)造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)額(e)外(wai)發(fa)熱并(bing)加速電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)絕緣(yuan)老化導致(zhi)不安(an)全因素的(de)(de)出現(xian)，嚴重時(shi)會(hui)影響甚至(zhi)是中(zhong)(zhong)斷生產工(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)進(jin)行(xing)。

（2）測試方法

在現(xian)場(chang)工作人員的配合(he)下對共計(ji)2臺變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)（1#變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)和2#變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)）進行(xing)(xing)了(le)詳細的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量(liang)測試(shi)，本次方案的(de)(de)目標是(shi)(shi)*消滅系統中諧(xie)波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)污染的(de)(de)問題尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)3N次諧(xie)波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)疊(die)加導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)N線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)增加問題，同時N線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)增加容易導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣火災的(de)(de)發生，因此(ci)在整(zheng)個用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統中對于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)數據(ju)的(de)(de)采(cai)集較為重要。在方案制定時將會根(gen)據(ju)測試(shi)值對現場治理設備進行(xing)(xing)設計選型(xing)，保(bao)證系統中諧(xie)波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)濾除。測試(shi)時每(mei)個測試(shi)點均(jun)進行(xing)(xing)了(le)24小時的(de)(de)監測能(neng)夠明確整(zheng)個周期內(nei)的(de)(de)典型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量(liang)狀況(kuang)。

（3）測試(shi)數據及分析

1) 1#變(bian)壓器低壓側(ce)測(ce)試數(shu)據

1#測試數據表

通過上(shang)述(shu)測試數據分析得(de)出，電壓畸(ji)變(bian)率(lv)波動在1.2%~1.4%之間，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)畸變率為(wei)(wei)10%~15%左右，系統基(ji)波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)值(zhi)約(yue)(yue)為(wei)(wei)500A，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)畸變頻譜表明其中(zhong)3次(ci)、5次(ci)、7次(ci)和(he)11次(ci)諧波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)(wei)主，總的(de)(de)(de)(de)諧波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)值(zhi)約(yue)(yue)為(wei)(wei)125A，N線電(dian)(dian)流(liu)主要為(wei)(wei)3次(ci)諧波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)疊加導致。需(xu)(xu)要選擇的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出治理電(dian)(dian)流(liu)每相至少在125A以上，N線輸(shu)出能(neng)力為(wei)(wei)相線的(de)(de)(de)(de)3倍，可解決中(zhong)線諧波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)疊加的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。該變壓器(qi)容(rong)量為(wei)(wei)1250kVA，現有地鐵車站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)濾波(bo)(bo)器(qi)設計中(zhong)考慮到功率因(yin)數(shu)提高至0.92的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求，因(yin)此在濾波(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時需(xu)(xu)要考慮留有一定(ding)容(rong)量進行無(wu)功補償(chang)，一般(ban)按照變壓器(qi)容(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)30%進行無(wu)功補償(chang)配(pei)置。

2) 2#變壓器低壓側測試數據

2#測試數(shu)據表

通過(guo)上述測試數據分析出，電壓畸變率波動在1.4%~1.5%之(zhi)間，電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)畸變(bian)率為(wei)10%~20%左右，系(xi)統基波電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)值約為(wei)500A，電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)畸變(bian)頻譜表明其中(zhong)3次、5次、7次和(he)11次諧波電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，總的(de)(de)(de)諧波電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)值約為(wei)100A，N線電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)為(wei)3次諧波電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)疊加導(dao)致。需要(yao)(yao)選擇的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu)治理電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)每相至(zhi)少在100A以(yi)上，N線輸(shu)出(chu)能力為(wei)相線的(de)(de)(de)3倍(bei)，可解決中(zhong)線諧波電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)疊加的(de)(de)(de)問題。該變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)為(wei)1250kVA的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)，現有(you)地鐵車站的(de)(de)(de)濾波器(qi)設計中(zhong)考慮到(dao)功率因(yin)數提高(gao)至(zhi)0.92的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求，因(yin)此需要(yao)(yao)考慮留有(you)一定容(rong)量進行無(wu)功補償，一般按(an)照變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)容(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)30%進行無(wu)功補償配(pei)置(zhi)。

3、三次諧波問(wen)題相應闡(chan)述(shu)

（1）三次諧波的概(gai)念及不良影響

對(dui)(dui)周期(qi)性(xing)(xing)非(fei)正弦電(dian)(dian)(dian)量進行傅里葉級數(shu)分(fen)化(hua)，可得(de)到頻率(lv)為(wei)基(ji)波(bo)整(zheng)數(shu)倍的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量，這些電(dian)(dian)(dian)分(fen)量被統(tong)稱為(wei)諧波(bo)。其(qi)中(zhong)，頻率(lv)為(wei)基(ji)波(bo)三倍的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量被稱為(wei)三次諧波(bo)。在社(she)(she)會(hui)的(de)高速發展下，民眾與社(she)(she)會(hui)對(dui)(dui)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)需求(qiu)量與日俱(ju)增，對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量的(de)要求(qiu)也日漸提(ti)高。隨(sui)著種類豐富(fu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備在民眾生活中(zhong)的(de)廣(guang)泛普及，其(qi)中(zhong)具有(you)非(fei)線性(xing)(xing)負(fu)荷(he)特性(xing)(xing)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備也使電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)流狀態出現了一些改(gai)變。在利用傅里葉級數(shu)分(fen)化(hua)分(fen)析電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)流波(bo)形(xing)時，便會(hui)發現 50Hz、220V電(dian)力中存在一些(xie)150Hz交(jiao)流的(de)(de)(de)正弦波(bo)(bo)(bo)，即頻(pin)率(lv)50Hz的(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)倍的(de)(de)(de)“三(san)(san)次(ci)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)"。伴隨著科學技術的(de)(de)(de)迅猛發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，非(fei)線(xian)性(xing)(xing)負載的(de)(de)(de)數量占比越來越多，其在工作(zuo)(zuo)時三(san)(san)次(ci)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)占比較大。這種不良(liang)現象除(chu)了會(hui)增(zeng)加整體電(dian)力系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)耗損，更會(hui)致(zhi)使(shi)中性(xing)(xing)線(xian)線(xian)負載變大，嚴重(zhong)(zhong)影響電(dian)力系(xi)統整體的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全性(xing)(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)，甚至會(hui)引發(fa)(fa)一系(xi)列的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全事(shi)故。另外(wai)三(san)(san)次(ci)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)使(shi)電(dian)網出現發(fa)(fa)熱(re)的(de)(de)(de)狀況，嚴重(zhong)(zhong)時引發(fa)(fa)安(an)全事(shi)故；對(dui)電(dian)子元器(qi)件日常的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用和運行產(chan)生不良(liang)影響，致(zhi)使(shi)其產(chan)生錯誤操作(zuo)(zuo)；嚴重(zhong)(zhong)縮短電(dian)力設施使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)。三(san)(san)次(ci)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)不僅僅會(hui)產(chan)生諸(zhu)多危害，更會(hui)對(dui)電(dian)網整體的(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及安(an)全性(xing)(xing)產(chan)生嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)不良(liang)影響，進而影響民眾的(de)(de)(de)日常生產(chan)、生活有關活動(dong)、行為(wei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及社會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)和諧(xie)(xie)(xie)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)，有關部門(men)應當采取(qu)合理措施，減少乃(nai)至避免三(san)(san)次(ci)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)危害。

（2）對三次諧波治(zhi)理的合理建議

對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)單(dan)相整(zheng)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)路非線(xian)(xian)性(xing)負荷(he)而(er)言，傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)無源(yuan)濾波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)并(bing)(bing)不(bu)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)。這主要是(shi)由于(yu)(yu)其濾波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)效(xiao)果(guo)較(jiao)差，同時(shi)還會(hui)生(sheng)成較(jiao)大容性(xing)無功，而(er)這部分容性(xing)無功既是(shi)非線(xian)(xian)性(xing)負荷(he)不(bu)會(hui)用(yong)(yong)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，也(ye)是(shi)整(zheng)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)網所(suo)不(bu)需(xu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)。因此(ci)，有(you)關(guan)部門應當采用(yong)(yong)有(you)源(yuan)濾波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)進(jin)行治理。在(zai)單(dan)獨使(shi)用(yong)(yong)此(ci)類濾波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)對(dui)(dui)線(xian)(xian)路中(zhong)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)進(jin)行檢測的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候，能(neng)夠(gou)生(sheng)成將其抵消的(de)(de)(de)(de)補償類電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。然而(er)從整(zheng)體(ti)效(xiao)果(guo)上(shang)來看，此(ci)類濾波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)只能(neng)夠(gou)確保安裝部位上(shang)游的(de)(de)(de)(de)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)變(bian)小，卻(que)不(bu)能(neng)對(dui)(dui)下游線(xian)(xian)路產生(sheng)效(xiao)果(guo)。所(suo)以(yi)，當對(dui)(dui)上(shang)述(shu)特征加以(yi)了解(jie)后，便能(neng)夠(gou)針對(dui)(dui)性(xing)地(di)處理三(san)次(ci)(ci)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)污染，即將有(you)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)濾波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)安裝到(dao)存在(zai)三(san)次(ci)(ci)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)下游線(xian)(xian)路中(zhong)。除此(ci)之(zhi)外，經過(guo)多年實踐可知，當濾波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)距(ju)離(li)三(san)次(ci)(ci)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)源(yuan)頭越(yue)近，其防治的(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果(guo)越(yue)好。與此(ci)同時(shi)，若三(san)次(ci)(ci)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)濾器(qi)(qi)為并(bing)(bing)聯形(xing)式，也(ye)能(neng)夠(gou)降低(di)(di)三(san)次(ci)(ci)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓，所(suo)以(yi)，將三(san)次(ci)(ci)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)濾波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)并(bing)(bing)聯于(yu)(yu)非線(xian)(xian)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)負荷(he)比(bi)較(jiao)大供電(dian)(dian)點處時(shi)，能(neng)夠(gou)將三(san)次(ci)(ci)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)危害控制在(zai)較(jiao)低(di)(di)。

4、諧波治理整體解決(jue)方案

（1）有源電力(li)濾波器的工作(zuo)原理

有源電力(li)濾波器(qi)的工作原理(li)如(ru)圖(tu)1所(suo)示(shi)，主(zhu)要由負載電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)分離、指(zhi)令電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)調節(jie)(jie)、輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)控制、驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)以及(ji)主(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)組成。它(ta)采用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)型變(bian)流(liu)(liu)器，經連接電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗器接入系統(tong)，通過調整交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)側逆變(bian)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)瞬(shun)時幅(fu)值(zhi)與相位，或直接控制交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)側輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，使(shi)裝置(zhi)發出(chu)或吸收寬(kuan)頻譜無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率。基于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子的(de)有(you)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力濾波(bo)器裝置(zhi)并(bing)(bing)聯于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)中，相當于一個可(ke)(ke)(ke)控的(de)無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)及(ji)諧波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)源，其無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)及(ji)諧波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以快(kuai)速地跟(gen)隨負荷(he)無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)變(bian)化而變(bian)化，自動(dong)補償(chang)(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)系統(tong)所(suo)需無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)及(ji)諧波(bo)，并(bing)(bing)且可(ke)(ke)(ke)以實現從感(gan)性無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)到容性無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)全范圍補償(chang)(chang)，同(tong)時對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓進行動(dong)態穩(wen)定調節(jie)(jie)。

圖(tu)1 有(you)源(yuan)電力濾(lv)波器工作原(yuan)理圖

（2）有源電力濾波器(qi)的(de)工作原(yuan)理

有源電力濾波器(qi)采用模(mo)塊化(hua)插拔式設計，集三相不平衡治理、諧波抵制和無功補(bu)償(chang)功能為一體，方(fang)便運(yun)維(wei)人員安裝拆卸，同時也方(fang)便將來(lai)用電負(fu)荷發(fa)生變化(hua)擴展補(bu)償(chang)容量(liang)。

該有源濾波裝置主要特點有以下幾個方面：

1）補償方式靈(ling)活：既可(ke)(ke)補諧波(bo)，又可(ke)(ke)兼補無功，可(ke)(ke)對(dui)2-51次諧波(bo)進行全補償或特定(ding)次諧波進行補償，同時可治理三(san)相不平衡問題；

2）線性補償，全響(xiang)應時間≤5ms；

3）具(ju)有(you)人(ren)性(xing)化的人(ren)機交互(hu)界面，可通過該(gai)界面看到系統和本(ben)體(ti)的實時電能質量信(xin)息，操作簡單(dan)，可以(yi)遠控(kong)(kong)，也可以(yi)本(ben)控(kong)(kong)；

4）采用DSP高速(su)檢(jian)測和運(yun)算的(de)數字控制系統和進口IGBT，功率(lv)密度大，可(ke)靠性高；

5）監控以(yi)及顯示(shi)具備遠程(cheng)通(tong)訊(xun)接(jie)口，可(ke)以(yi)通(tong)過PC機實時監控；

6）標(biao)準(zhun)模塊(kuai)化(hua)設計，縮短交付周(zhou)期，同時提(ti)高(gao)了使用的可靠性和可維護性。

有源電力濾波器可采用壁掛和整柜方式安裝，同時可實(shi)現(xian)集中(zhong)和就地治理，如(ru)圖2所示的產品，給安(an)裝(zhuang)、 維(wei)護及(ji)日后升級帶(dai)來了(le)便捷，提高了(le)整體的安(an)裝(zhuang)效率。

圖2 有(you)源電力濾波器產(chan)品示意圖

5、案例分析(xi)

（1）項目背(bei)景(jing)

廣東(dong)某地鐵(tie)改造項目，系統(tong)中負載(zai)主要(yao)為照明、空調、泵機類(lei)、電(dian)梯、信號電(dian)源(yuan)、UPS等設備，開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)源的啟動瞬間形成電(dian)(dian)流沖(chong)擊，和其它設備在運(yun)行(xing)過程(cheng)中(zhong)會對(dui)系(xi)統產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)諧(xie)波電(dian)(dian)流污染。其諧(xie)波主要包括3、5、7、9次；不進(jin)行(xing)合理治理，將對(dui)其他電(dian)(dian)氣設備產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)危害，如：大量(liang)(liang)的3次諧(xie)波造成中(zhong)線過熱(re)甚至發生(sheng)(sheng)火(huo)災；大量(liang)(liang)諧(xie)波造成變壓(ya)器局(ju)部(bu)嚴重(zhong)過熱(re)；繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)保護發生(sheng)(sheng)誤動作(zuo)等。

（2）治理方案(an)

根據(ju)以往測量經驗進行諧波(bo)分析與估(gu)算，諧波(bo)主(zhu)要由UPS和(he)一些非線(xian)性(xing)直流電源(yuan)產生，該項目(mu)有(you)(you)(you)1#、2#兩個配(pei)電站，1#配(pei)電站有(you)(you)(you)2臺(tai)800kVA的(de)變壓器(qi)，2#配(pei)電站有(you)(you)(you)2臺(tai)1000KVA的(de)變壓器(qi)，分別采(cai)用(yong)集(ji)中治理方案，在每臺(tai)變壓器(qi)下加裝(zhuang)ANAPF系(xi)列(lie)有(you)(you)(you)源(yuan)電力(li)(li)濾波(bo)(bo)器(qi)，由于安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)空間有(you)(you)(you)限，選擇我司壁掛式有(you)(you)(you)源(yuan)電力(li)(li)濾波(bo)(bo)器(qi)進(jin)行嵌入式安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)，1#配(pei)電站中#1和(he)#2變壓器(qi)下安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)型號(hao)均為ANAPF75-380/BBL，2#配(pei)電站中#1和(he)#2變壓器(qi)下安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)均為2臺(tai)型號(hao)為ANAPF60-380/BBL的(de)有(you)(you)(you)源(yuan)電力(li)(li)濾波(bo)(bo)器(qi)并機使用(yong)，保障了整個供電系(xi)統的(de)穩定性(xing)。

（3）治理效果

圖3 治理之(zhi)前(qian)電流波(bo)形(xing)和(he)各次諧波(bo)電流畸變率(lv)

圖4 治理之后電流波(bo)形和各(ge)次諧波(bo)電流畸變率

治理前(qian)電流(liu)波形發(fa)生畸(ji)變，三相電流(liu)畸(ji)變率分別為(wei)10.8%、11.1%、12.5%；在(zai)加裝(zhuang)ANAPF系(xi)列有源電(dian)力(li)濾波(bo)器后電(dian)流波(bo)形(xing)趨向正弦波(bo)，各次(ci)諧波(bo)得到抵制(zhi)，電(dian)流(liu)畸變率(lv)明顯降低，三相電(dian)流(liu)畸變率(lv)降至(zhi)4.0%、4.1%、4.4%。

（4）安裝現場

6、結論

本(ben)文主要(yao)地(di)(di)鐵負載電(dian)(dian)能質量治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)方(fang)案(an)的相(xiang)關內容(rong)，通(tong)過對地(di)(di)鐵電(dian)(dian)能質量方(fang)面出現的問(wen)題(ti)進(jin)行分析，并(bing)結(jie)合電(dian)(dian)能質量相(xiang)應測量數據(ju)，給出相(xiang)應的治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)方(fang)案(an)。后結(jie)合廣(guang)東某地(di)(di)鐵電(dian)(dian)能質量改造項目案(an)例，并(bing)通(tong)過現場實際應用(yong)證(zheng)明了(le)濾波(bo)器設(she)備(bei)的實用(yong)性，驗證(zheng)了(le)有(you)源濾波(bo)器設(she)備(bei)可(ke)快速地(di)(di)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)無功及諧波(bo)電(dian)(dian)流，并(bing)且解(jie)決地(di)(di)鐵用(yong)電(dian)(dian)負荷增長帶來的電(dian)(dian)能質量惡(e)化(hua)問(wen)題(ti)，對地(di)(di)鐵電(dian)(dian)子設(she)備(bei)、儀(yi)(yi)器儀(yi)(yi)表的計量和整體供電(dian)(dian)能力、安全運行及經濟效益具有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)的意義。

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