安科瑞 繆凱倫
摘 要:隨(sui)著世界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)發展,環境(jing)保(bao)護(hu)成(cheng)為整個(ge)人類命運共同體的(de)(de)(de)任務。各國(guo)政(zheng)府也為此提供(gong)優惠政(zheng)策(ce)鼓勵電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)科技的(de)(de)(de)普及。交(jiao)(jiao)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁俗稱“慢充(chong)(chong)樁",固定安裝(zhuang)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)外、與交(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網連接,國(guo)標采(cai)用 220V單相(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)車(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(即(ji)固定安裝(zhuang)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機)提供(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。國(guo)家(jia)標準GB51348-2019中規定儲備倉庫、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)場(chang)所的(de)(de)(de)末端回路(lu)應設置(zhi)限(xian)流式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣防(fang)火保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣防(fang)火限(xian)流式保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)可以(yi)克服傳統斷(duan)(duan)路(lu)器(qi)、空氣開(kai)關(guan)和監控設備存在的(de)(de)(de)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大(da)(da)、切斷(duan)(duan)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流時(shi)間長、短(duan)(duan)路(lu)時(shi)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)火花(hua)大(da)(da),以(yi)及使(shi)用壽命短(duan)(duan)等(deng)弊端,當發生(sheng)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)故障時(shi),能以(yi)微秒級速度快速限(xian)制短(duan)(duan)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流以(yi)實現(xian)滅(mie)弧(hu)保(bao)護(hu),從而(er)能顯著減少電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣火災事故,保(bao)障使(shi)用場(chang)所人員和財產的(de)(de)(de)安全。
??關鍵詞:電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁;交流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁;慢(man)充樁;短(duan)路保護(hu);過載保護(hu);電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣防火;滅(mie)弧
??0 行業背景
??隨著(zhu)世界的發展,環境保護成(cheng)為(wei)整個(ge)人類命運共同體(ti)的任務。新能源車因為(wei)沒有(you)尾(wei)氣排放,不(bu)會(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)一氧化(hua)碳,二(er)氧化(hua)碳,氮(dan)氧化(hua)合物(wu)等有(you)害物(wu)質(zhi),沒有(you)噪聲污(wu)染,對環境污(wu)染較小,各國政(zheng)府也(ye)為(wei)此提供優惠(hui)政(zheng)策鼓勵電動車科(ke)技的普及。我國各地政(zheng)府紛(fen)紛(fen)出臺政(zheng)策,要(yao)求設計安裝充(chong)電樁。
??上(shang)海滬交科[2021]60號文(wen)件關于(yu)進一(yi)步加(jia)強本市公用(yong)(yong)和專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)充(chong)電(dian)設(she)施建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)運營(ying)(ying)管理的(de)(de)(de)實施意見(jian)中指出(chu):落實新(xin)(改、擴(kuo))房建(jian)(jian)(jian)項(xiang)目配(pei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)停(ting)車(che)(che)(che)(che)場(chang)(庫(ku))、新(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)居民(min)小區(qu)(qu)充(chong)電(dian)設(she)施配(pei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)要求,一(yi)類地(di)區(qu)(qu)配(pei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)充(chong)電(dian)設(she)施的(de)(de)(de)停(ting)車(che)(che)(che)(che)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)少于(yu)總停(ting)車(che)(che)(che)(che)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)百(bai)分(fen)(fen)之十五、二(er)類地(di)區(qu)(qu)配(pei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)充(chong)電(dian)設(she)施的(de)(de)(de)車(che)(che)(che)(che)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)少于(yu)總車(che)(che)(che)(che)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)百(bai)分(fen)(fen)之十二(er)、三(san)類地(di)區(qu)(qu)配(pei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)充(chong)電(dian)設(she)施的(de)(de)(de)車(che)(che)(che)(che)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)少于(yu)總車(che)(che)(che)(che)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)百(bai)分(fen)(fen)之十。尤其加(jia)強60kW及以(yi)上(shang)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)性快(kuai)充(chong)樁建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she),新(xin)(改、擴(kuo))房建(jian)(jian)(jian)項(xiang)目配(pei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)停(ting)車(che)(che)(che)(che)場(chang)(庫(ku)),快(kuai)充(chong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)占比不(bu)(bu)少于(yu)總充(chong)電(dian)車(che)(che)(che)(che)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)百(bai)分(fen)(fen)之三(san)十。
??對于電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang),國家標準(zhun)GB51348-2019《民用(yong)建筑(zhu)電(dian)(dian)氣設計標準(zhun)》中13.5.5規定(ding),儲備倉庫、電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車充電(dian)(dian)等場(chang)所(suo)的(de)末端回(hui)路應(ying)設置限流式(shi)電(dian)(dian)氣防火保護器(qi)。
??對于如(ru)此龐(pang)大數量的(de)充電樁,該(gai)如(ru)何應(ying)用電氣防(fang)火限流式保護(hu)器(qi)呢?
??電動車充電樁(zhuang)(zhuang)主要分為兩(liang)大類(lei),一類(lei)是(shi)直流充電樁(zhuang)(zhuang),俗稱“快充樁(zhuang)(zhuang)",一類(lei)是(shi)交流充電樁(zhuang)(zhuang),俗稱“慢充樁(zhuang)(zhuang)"。直流充電樁(zhuang)(zhuang)充電功(gong)率一般為30kW、60kW、120kW,交流充電樁(zhuang)(zhuang)充電功(gong)率一般為3.5kW、7kW、14kW。
??如(ru)何針對這兩(liang)類充電樁(zhuang)進行(xing)電氣防火限流(liu)式保(bao)護器(qi)的設(she)計成為很多(duo)設(she)計師的難(nan)題,下面就(jiu)此兩(liang)類充電樁(zhuang)進行(xing)探討。
??對于直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang),一般是(shi)三(san)相電(dian)經過AC/DC模(mo)塊輸出直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu),按照(zhao)30kW計算,交(jiao)流(liu)側(ce)電(dian)流(liu)約為(wei)50A、而60kW交(jiao)流(liu)側(ce)約為(wei)100A,按照(zhao)設計要求,在交(jiao)流(liu)側(ce)安(an)裝三(san)相50A/100A或者直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)側(ce)安(an)裝直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)限(xian)流(liu)式保護器(qi)。目前市場上限(xian)流(liu)式保護器(qi)均為(wei)交(jiao)流(liu),鮮有三(san)相限(xian)流(liu)式保護器(qi)。推薦使(shi)用(yong)絕(jue)緣監(jian)(jian)測(ce)儀,監(jian)(jian)測(ce)絕(jue)緣充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)的絕(jue)緣狀況(kuang)。
??對于(yu)交流充電(dian)樁,一般(ban)是市電(dian)直(zhi)接接入,按(an)照(zhao)雙槍14kW功率計(ji)算,額(e)定電(dian)流約為63A,按(an)照(zhao)設計(ji)要求,可以在充電(dian)樁前端按(an)照(zhao)額(e)定電(dian)流設計(ji)匹(pi)配的電(dian)氣(qi)防火(huo)限(xian)流式保護器。
??設計圖(tu)例如下圖(tu)所示。
??1 產品介紹
??ASCP系列電(dian)(dian)氣防(fang)火限(xian)流(liu)(liu)式保(bao)護器(qi)是安科(ke)瑞專門為了(le)保(bao)護低壓配電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)中短路(lu)、過載等問題研(yan)發(fa),可以(yi)克服傳統斷路(lu)器(qi)、空(kong)氣開關和監控設(she)備存(cun)在的短路(lu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)大、切(qie)斷短路(lu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)時間長、短路(lu)時產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的電(dian)(dian)弧火花大,以(yi)及使用壽(shou)命短等弊端(duan),當發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)短路(lu)故障(zhang)時,能以(yi)微秒級速度快速限(xian)制(zhi)短路(lu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)以(yi)實現滅弧保(bao)護,從而能顯(xian)著減少電(dian)(dian)氣火災事故,保(bao)障(zhang)使用場(chang)所人員(yuan)和財產(chan)的安全。
??ASCP系列電(dian)(dian)氣防火限流式保護器可(ke)廣泛應用(yong)于(yu)學校、醫院、商場(chang)(chang)、賓(bin)館、娛樂場(chang)(chang)所(suo)、寺(si)廟、文物建筑、圖書館、檔(dang)案(an)室、會展(zhan)、住宅、倉庫(ku)、幼(you)兒園(yuan)、老年人建筑、集體宿舍、電(dian)(dian)動車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)及(ji)租售式商場(chang)(chang)商鋪、批發市(shi)場(chang)(chang)、集貿市(shi)場(chang)(chang)、甲乙丙類(lei)危險品庫(ku)房等各種用(yong)電(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)所(suo)末端干、支路的(de)線路保護。
??對(dui)于電動車充電站中交流(liu)慢(man)充樁的保護(hu),可(ke)以根據不(bu)同的功率選擇不(bu)同規格的限流(liu)式(shi)保護(hu)器進行(xing)保護(hu),對(dui)于3.5kW的慢(man)充樁,可(ke)以使用(yong)(yong)ASCP200-20D,對(dui)于7kW慢(man)充樁,可(ke)以使用(yong)(yong)ASCP200-40B,對(dui)于14kW的雙(shuang)槍慢(man)充樁,可(ke)以使用(yong)(yong)ASCP200-63D。
ASCP200-20D
ASCP200-40B
ASCP200-63D
??2 功能介紹
??■ 短路(lu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)功能。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)器實時監測用(yong)電線路(lu)電流,當線路(lu)發(fa)生(sheng)短路(lu)故障時,能在(zai)150微秒內(nei)實現快速限流保(bao)護(hu)(hu),并發(fa)出(chu)聲光報警(jing)信號(hao)。
??■ 過載(zai)保(bao)(bao)護功(gong)能。當被(bei)保(bao)(bao)護線路的電流過載(zai)且過載(zai)持(chi)續時間(jian)(jian)超過動作時間(jian)(jian)(3~60秒可設(she))時,保(bao)(bao)護器啟動限(xian)流保(bao)(bao)護,并發出聲光報警信(xin)號(hao)。
??■ 表內超溫(wen)保(bao)護功能。當保(bao)護器內部器件工作溫(wen)度過高時(shi),保(bao)護器實(shi)施超溫(wen)限流(liu)保(bao)護,并發出聲(sheng)光報警信號。
??■ 過欠壓(ya)保護(hu)功能。當保護(hu)器檢測到線路電壓(ya)欠壓(ya)或過壓(ya)時,保護(hu)器發出聲光報警(jing)信號,可預先設置是否(fou)啟動限(xian)流保護(hu)。
??■ 配電線纜(lan)溫度監(jian)測功能。當(dang)被(bei)監(jian)測線纜(lan)溫度超過報警設(she)定值(zhi)時,保(bao)護器發出聲光報警信號,可預(yu)先設(she)置是(shi)否啟動限流保(bao)護。
??■ 漏(lou)(lou)電流監(jian)測功(gong)能。當被監(jian)測的線路(lu)漏(lou)(lou)電超過報警設定(ding)值時(shi),保(bao)護器發出聲(sheng)光報警信(xin)號(hao),可預先(xian)設置是否啟動限(xian)流保(bao)護。
??■ 保護器具有1路RS485接(jie)口,1路無線通訊,支持2G和NB-IoT,可(ke)(ke)以(yi)將數據發送到后臺(tai)(tai)監控(kong)系統,實現遠程(cheng)監控(kong)。監控(kong)后臺(tai)(tai)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)是安科瑞Acrel-6000/B電氣火災監控(kong)主機,也(ye)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)是安科瑞Acrel-6000安全用電管理(li)云平臺(tai)(tai),或(huo)第三方監控(kong)軟件(jian)或(huo)平臺(tai)(tai)。
??3 產品應用
??在電動汽車汽車充(chong)電樁安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)限(xian)流式(shi)(shi)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)器時建議采用(yong)一充(chong)電樁一保(bao)護(hu)(hu)器的(de)方式(shi)(shi),保(bao)護(hu)(hu)器安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)于充(chong)電樁旁邊,如果是(shi)戶(hu)外,可以將保(bao)護(hu)(hu)器安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)于防水盒中。實際安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)如圖所示(shi)。
??4 結語
??新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)汽車行業持續發展。國務院辦公廳在(zai)近(jin)期也印發的《新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)汽車產業發展規劃(2021—2035年(nian))》的規劃。2020年(nian)新(xin)增超2.5萬家充電樁相關企業,行業呈現出百(bai)家爭(zheng)鳴的景象(xiang)。2021年(nian)世界智能(neng)(neng)網聯(lian)汽車大會在(zai)北京(jing)召開,全國新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)汽車保有量超過600萬輛。
??我們應(ying)該堅(jian)定的(de)(de)跟著國家政策,努(nu)力的(de)(de)建設好新(xin)基建。讓更多的(de)(de)消費者使用上新(xin)能源汽車,而且新(xin)能源汽車隨(sui)時隨(sui)地(di)安(an)全的(de)(de)充(chong)電,當(dang)然,在安(an)全可靠的(de)(de)充(chong)電同時,也(ye)要防止(zhi)電氣(qi)火災發生(sheng),保障人民的(de)(de)生(sheng)命(ming)財產安(an)全。