安科瑞 繆凱倫

：介(jie)紹了農畜房屋的(de)環境特點，以及剩(sheng)余電(dian)(dian)流保護器，作為(wei)一種漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保護器，在農畜房屋中(zhong)的(de)應(ying)用。

??關鍵詞：農(nong)畜房屋；剩余電(dian)流動作繼電(dian)器

??引言：

??農畜(chu)(chu)房(fang)屋(wu)指(zhi)牛(niu)棚(peng)、馬廄、豬(zhu)圈、雞舍之類對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)敏感的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動物(wu)飼(si)養(yang)場所和(he)干草、麥秸等可燃物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堆儲庫房(fang)等建筑物(wu)，它(ta)屬(shu)(shu)畜(chu)(chu)禽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)火災危(wei)險(xian)場所。隨著我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)化飼(si)養(yang)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展和(he)農業電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)化水(shui)平的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提高，農畜(chu)(chu)房(fang)屋(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)事故也隨之增(zeng)多。飼(si)養(yang)設(she)備，如飼(si)料槽(cao)(cao)(cao)、自(zi)動飲水(shui)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)、糞(fen)便(bian)(bian)自(zi)動清(qing)除槽(cao)(cao)(cao)和(he)各類管道多為導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)型金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)件，容易(yi)傳導(dao)故障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。畜(chu)(chu)禽較人更易(yi)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傷害,接觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)大(da)于25V 往往就可電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)致(zhi)死。一(yi)些大(da)牲畜(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首尾(wei)和(he)前(qian)后腳(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距離大(da)，容易(yi)同時接觸(chu)兩(liang)不同電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位而(er)招致(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)危(wei)險(xian)。如圖(tu)1一(yi)牛(niu)棚(peng)內自(zi)動清(qing)除糞(fen)便(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機因絕緣故障帶(dai)危(wei)險(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)Uf。如圖(tu)中虛線所示，此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)經一(yi)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)傳動桿傳導(dao)至(zhi)糞(fen)便(bian)(bian)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)框(kuang)上(shang)。圖(tu)23-14中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乳(ru)牛(niu)后腳(jiao)與帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)框(kuang)接觸(chu)，而(er)其嘴(zui)鼻則與帶(dai)地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)飲水(shui)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)接觸(chu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差(cha)Uf將使被拴鎖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乳(ru)牛(niu)因無法掙脫，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)致(zhi)死 。

??一、農(nong)畜房屋的場所(suo)特點(dian)介(jie)紹

??農畜房屋不少為(wei)易燃的木質結(jie)構，而庫房內堆放的麥秸、稻草(cao)之類(lei)也多(duo)為(wei)可(ke)燃物，容易被(bei)電氣(qi)高溫或電弧、電火花引燃起火。這類(lei)房屋被(bei)劃為(wei)BE2 類(lei)火災危險場所。

??農畜(chu)房屋內可能被畜(chu)禽同時(shi)(shi)觸及的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)置外導(dao)電(dian)部(bu)(bu)分和外露導(dao)電(dian)部(bu)(bu)分，諸如金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)飼料(liao)槽(cao)、飲(yin)水槽(cao)、糞便自動(dong)清除槽(cao)、擠奶(nai)設備(bei)、拴(shuan)(shuan)系金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)桿、門窗金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)框架、管道、欄桿等(deng)大(da)型導(dao)電(dian)物體都需(xu)通過PE 線和聯(lian)結線互(hu)相連通以實現局部(bu)(bu)等(deng)電(dian)位聯(lian)結。需(xu)要注意的(de)(de)是大(da)牲畜(chu)對電(dian)位差(cha)敏(min)感外，由于簽(qian)好(hao)腳間距大(da)，雷擊時(shi)(shi)承受的(de)(de)跨步電(dian)壓也大(da)于人體，為此需(xu)重視地(di)面電(dian)位的(de)(de)平衡，被拴(shuan)(shuan)鎖的(de)(de)奶(nai)牛之(zhi)類的(de)(de)大(da)牲畜(chu)的(de)(de)豢養處的(de)(de)地(di)面下，應鋪150mmX150mm 的(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)網格(ge)并與局部(bu)(bu)等(deng)電(dian)位聯(lian)結相連通。

??另(ling)外，畜禽飼養場所常(chang)需要用(yong)水沖洗和清(qing)掃，因此(ci)裝用(yong)的(de)電(dian)氣(qi)設(she)(she)備(bei)應(ying)具(ju)備(bei)防噴水保護(hu)(hu)功能，其防護(hu)(hu)等級不得(de)低于IP35.開(kai)關電(dian)器的(de)安裝位(wei)置(zhi)應(ying)使它不受畜禽的(de)碰撞，畜禽所處位(wei)置(zhi)應(ying)使它不妨礙管(guan)理人員對電(dian)氣(qi)設(she)(she)備(bei)進行(xing)操作和維護(hu)(hu)。

??白熾燈(deng)之類正常(chang)工作時能(neng)產(chan)生高溫的設備應隔離干草、麥秸(jie)堆垛等可(ke)燃(ran)物(wu)足(zu)夠(gou)的距離。如采(cai)用(yong)電熱設備，應將其(qi)固定(ding)安裝，使其(qi)不(bu)能(neng)輕(qing)易挪(nuo)動(dong)，且安裝位置應距畜(chu)禽豢養處和可(ke)燃(ran)物(wu)適當距離，以防(fang)傷害(hai)畜(chu)禽和烤(kao)燃(ran)可(ke)燃(ran)物(wu)起火。如果裝用(yong)多臺紅(hong)外線采(cai)暖器，其(qi)相互間距應不(bu)小于0.5m。

??二(er)、剩(sheng)余(yu)電流繼電器的原(yuan)理(li)及主(zhu)要用途

??剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)是檢測剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，將(jiang)剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值(zhi)(zhi)與基(ji)準值(zhi)(zhi)相比較，當(dang)剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值(zhi)(zhi)超過基(ji)準值(zhi)(zhi)時，發(fa)出一個(ge)機械(xie)開(kai)閉信號（使機械(xie)開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)脫扣或聲(sheng)光報警裝置發(fa)出報警）的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)。剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)通常與低壓斷路器(qi)(qi)或低壓接(jie)(jie)觸器(qi)(qi)等組成組合式剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)保護(hu)裝置，主要適用(yong)(yong)于交流(liu)50Hz，額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓400V及(ji)以下的TT和TN系(xi)統配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路，用(yong)(yong)來對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)線路進行(xing)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)故障保護(hu)，防止接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)故障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)引(yin)起的設備損壞和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)火災事(shi)故，也可用(yong)(yong)來對(dui)人身觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)危險提供(gong)間(jian)接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)觸保護(hu)，因而可以在智能建筑供(gong)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統中(zhong)廣泛應用(yong)(yong)。

??2.1 間接(jie)接(jie)觸電(dian)擊保護

??間(jian)(jian)(jian)接(jie)接(jie)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊(ji)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)措(cuo)施是(shi)自動(dong)(dong)切(qie)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。GB 13955“對間(jian)(jian)(jian)接(jie)接(jie)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊(ji)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)的(de)防護(hu)(hu)(hu)"規定(ding)：“間(jian)(jian)(jian)接(jie)接(jie)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊(ji)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)防護(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)主要(yao)措(cuo)施是(shi)采(cai)用自動(dong)(dong)切(qie)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)方(fang)式，以(yi)防止(zhi)由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設(she)(she)備(bei)絕緣損壞(huai)發生損壞(huai)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路發生絕緣損壞(huai)造成接(jie)地故(gu)(gu)障。其故(gu)(gu)障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值(zhi)小于(yu)過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)動(dong)(dong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值(zhi)時，應安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)剩(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)。"研(yan)究(jiu)表明，人體接(jie)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)安全值(zhi)為 50 V。為保證人身(shen)安全，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)任何(he)部(bu)分發生絕緣故(gu)(gu)障時，一(yi)旦接(jie)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓超過(guo)(guo) 50 V 時，需要(yao)在規定(ding)的(de)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)內自動(dong)(dong)切(qie)斷故(gu)(gu)障部(bu)分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣線路和(he)設(she)(she)備(bei)及自身(shen)動(dong)(dong)作值(zhi)限制，不能自動(dong)(dong)切(qie)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。剩(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)不受負荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)影響，可與過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)配合使用，作間(jian)(jian)(jian)接(jie)接(jie)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊(ji)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)。

??2.2 接地故障保護

??接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)是(shi)帶(dai)電導(dao)體(ti)和(he)大(da)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)金屬外殼或與地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)有聯系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)構件之間的(de)(de)接(jie)(jie)觸，其故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)可(ke)能(neng)導(dao)致人身(shen)電擊傷亡和(he)設(she)備損壞，嚴重時可(ke)能(neng)引發電氣火災(zai)。接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)過(guo)去(qu)通常采用過(guo)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝置(zhi)進行保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)，當接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)大(da)于(yu)過(guo)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝置(zhi)定(ding)值時，由過(guo)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝置(zhi)切(qie)斷(duan)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)電路。TT系(xi)(xi)統中(zhong)額定(ding)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)較大(da)、配電線(xian)路較長的(de)(de)線(xian)路，TN系(xi)(xi)統中(zhong)帶(dai)電導(dao)線(xian)落地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)、不安全的(de)(de)金屬性接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)、電弧性接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)時，都有可(ke)能(neng)出現(xian)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)小于(yu)過(guo)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)動(dong)作(zuo)整定(ding)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)，過(guo)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝置(zhi)不動(dong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)情況。剩余電流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝置(zhi)，或帶(dai)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)斷(duan)路器，能(neng)可(ke)靠地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)進行接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)。

??2.3 電氣火(huo)災保護

??電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)火災通(tong)常由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)引(yin)起(qi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)包括金屬性(xing)短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)性(xing)短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。前者是帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導體間（如相(xiang)(xiang)與相(xiang)(xiang)之間、相(xiang)(xiang)與 N 線之間）短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，多(duo)(duo)以(yi)高溫熔焊金屬為通(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，故障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流以(yi)千安(an)計，高溫易使絕緣(yuan)氧(yang)化而自燃，火災危險雖(sui)大(da)(da)，但可(ke)用帶短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)和熔斷(duan)器(qi)保(bao)護(hu)，由斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)瞬時動作切斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，避免火災。后(hou)者是帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導體對地短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，多(duo)(duo)以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)為通(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，故障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流雖(sui)小，但一方面(mian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)長時間延續，局部溫度高，很容(rong)易點燃周(zhou)邊可(ke)燃物質(zhi)，引(yin)發(fa)火災；另(ling)一方面(mian)，又不足以(yi)使一般斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)動作跳閘(zha)切斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。所以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)性(xing)短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)引(yin)起(qi)火災危險遠大(da)(da)于金屬性(xing)短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。帶剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流動作保(bao)護(hu)功能的(de)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)可(ke)在過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流保(bao)護(hu)裝置不動作的(de)情況下切斷(duan)保(bao)障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，防止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)性(xing)短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)引(yin)發(fa)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)火災。

??三、安(an)科(ke)瑞ASJ系列剩(sheng)余電(dian)流繼電(dian)器

??3.1 型號和功(gong)能

??3.2 技術參數(shu)

??注：①ASJ10L- LD1A額定剩余動作電流IΔn為10mA-30A連續可調；

??②ASJ10L- LD1A極限不驅動時間Δn為0-10S連續可調。

??四、 注意事項

??4.1 剩余(yu)電(dian)流(liu)動作繼電(dian)器外部(bu)所有接線正(zheng)確(que)，否則可能(neng)導致誤動作和(he)拒動作。

??4.2 通農畜(chu)房屋內的(de)(de)(de)末端插(cha)座(zuo)回(hui)路上應(ying)裝(zhuang)設(she)IO不大(da)于(yu)30mA 的(de)(de)(de)瞬動(dong)RCD。老版 IEC 標(biao)準建議如果回(hui)路的(de)(de)(de)正常泄漏(lou)電(dian)流IS 不大(da)，裝(zhuang)設(she)Iom小于(yu)30mA 的(de)(de)(de)RCD(如IO為10mA 或6mA 的(de)(de)(de)RCD),以更好適應(ying)畜(chu)禽對電(dian)擊敏感的(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)。堆(dui)集麥秸、稻草等可燃物的(de)(de)(de)房屋屬(shu)BE2 類火災危(wei)險(xian)場所，IEC 標(biao)準規定其電(dian)源進線處防(fang)接地(di)火災RCD 的(de)(de)(de)IO值(zhi)不應(ying)大(da)于(yu)300mA,動(dong)作時間(jian)不宜(yi)大(da)于(yu)1S。

??4.3 剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)流式動作繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)不對相(xiang)與相(xiang)、相(xiang)與零線(xian)之間的觸電(dian)(dian)提供(gong)保(bao)護(hu)；被保(bao)護(hu)線(xian)路(lu)不得與未保(bao)護(hu)線(xian)路(lu)混用(yong)，中性保(bao)護(hu)線(xian)不得重(zhong)復(fu)接地。

??五、小結

??中國是(shi)一個農業大國,畜(chu)禽業是(shi)農業的重(zhong)要組成部分，畜(chu)禽業安全良性發展(zhan)對我國經濟民生有著重(zhong)要作用(yong)，剩余電(dian)流動作繼(ji)電(dian)器安裝使(shi)(shi)用(yong)在農畜(chu)豢養場所(suo)中，可以起到較好的保護(hu)作用(yong)，值得推廣使(shi)(shi)用(yong)。